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  august 2005 1 m9999-082505-b mic49150 micrel mic49150 1.5a low voltage ldo regulator w/dual input volt ages general description the mic49150 is a high-bandwidth, low-dropout, 1.5a volt - age regulator ideal for powering core voltages of low-power microprocessors. the mic49150 implements a dual supply con?guration allowing for very low output impedance and very fast transient response. the mic49150 requires a bias input supply and a main input supply, allowing for ultra-low input voltages on the main supply rail. the input supply operates from 1.4v to 6.5v and the bias supply requires between 3v and 6.5v for proper operation. the mic49150 offers ?xed output voltages from 0.9v to 1.8v and adjustable output voltages down to 0.9v. the mic49150 requires a minimum of output capacitance for stability, working optimally with small ceramic capacitors. the mic49150 is available in an 8-pin power msop pack - age and a 5-pin s-pak. its operating temperature range is C40c to +125c. typical application mic49150br gnd c out = 1f ceramic bias in out c bias = 1 f ceramic v out = 1.0v v in = 1.8v v bias = 3.3v adj c in = 1 f ceramic r1 r2 low voltage, fast transient response regulator micrel, inc. ? 2180 fortune drive ? san jose, ca 95131 ? usa ? tel + 1 (408) 944-0800 ? fax + 1 (408) 474-1000 ? http://www.micrel.com l oad tr ansient response time (1 0 s/di v. ) output vo lt ag e 50mv/di v output current 1a/div v bia s = 3.3v v in = 1.8v v ou t = 1v c ou t = 1 f cerami c features ? input voltage range: v in : 1.4v to 6.5v v bias : 3.0v to 6.5v ? stable with 1f ceramic capacitor ? 1% initial tolerance ? maximum dropout voltage (v in Cv out ) of 500mv over temperature ? adjustable output voltage down to 0.9v ? ultra fast transient response (up to 10mhz bandwidth) ? excellent line and load regulation speci?cations ? logic controlled shutdown option ? thermal shutdown and current limit protection ? power msop-8 and s-pak packages ? junction temperature range: C40c to 125c applications ? graphics processors ? pc add-in cards ? microprocessor core voltage supply ? low voltage digital ics ? high ef?ciency linear power supplies ? smps post regulators
mic49150 micrel m9999-0 82505- b 2 august 2005 pin con?guration 1 2 3 4 8 7 6 5 gnd gnd gnd gnd en/adj. vbias vin vout power msop-8 (mm) pin description mic49150 mic49150 msop8 s-pak pin name pin function 1 1 enable enable (input): cmos compatible input. logic high = enable, logic low = shutdown. adj. adjustable regulator feedback input. connect to resistor voltage divider. 3 4 vin input voltage which supplies current to the output power device. 4 5 vout regulator output. 2 2 vbias input bias voltage for powering all circuitry on the regulator with the excep - tion of the output power device. 5/6/7/8 3 gnd ground (tab is connected to ground on s-pak). tab 5 vout 4 vbias 3 2 vin 1 en/adj. gnd 5-lead s-pak (r) ordering information part number output current voltage junction temp. range package standard pb-free / rohs compliant mic49150-0.9bmm mic49150-0.9ymm 1.5a 0.9v - 40 c to +125 c power msop-8 mic49150-1.2bmm mic49150-1.2ymm 1.5a 1.2v - 40 c to +125 c power msop-8 mic49150-1.5bmm mic49150-1.5ymm 1.5a 1.5v - 40 c to +125 c power msop-8 mic49150-1.8bmm mic49150-1.8ymm 1.5a 1.8v - 40 c to +125 c power msop-8 mic49150bmm mic49150ymm 1.5a adj. - 40 c to +125 c power msop-8 mic49150-0.9b r mic49150-0.9 w r* 1.5a 0.9v - 40 c to +125 c s-pak-5 mic49150- 1.2br mic49150- 1.2wr* 1.5a 1.2v - 40 c to +125 c s-pak-5 mic49150- 1.5br mic49150- 1.5wr* 1.5a 1.5v - 40 c to +125 c s-pak-5 mic49150- 1.8br mic49150- 1.8wr* 1.5a 1.8v - 40 c to +125 c s-pak-5 mic49150 br mic49150 w r* 1.5a adj. - 40 c to +125 c s-pak-5 * rohs compliant with "high-melting solder" exemption.
august 2005 3 m9999-082505-b mic49150 micrel electrical characteristics (4) t a = 25c with v bias = v out +2.1v; v in = v out + 1v, unless otherwise speci?ed; bold values indicate C40c < t j < +125c (5) parameter conditions min typ max units output voltage accuracy at 25c C1 +1 % over temperature range C2 +2 % line regulation v in = v out +1v to 6.5v C0.1 0.01 +0.1 %/v load regulation i l = 0ma to 1.5a 0.2 1 % 1.5 % dropout voltage (v in - v out ) i l = 750ma 130 200 mv 300 mv i l = 1.5a 280 400 mv 500 mv dropout voltage (v bias - v out ) i l = 750ma 1.3 v note 5 i l = 1.5a 1.65 1.9 v 2.1 v ground pin current note 6 i l = 0ma 15 ma i l = 1.5a 15 25 ma 30 ma ground pin current in shutdown v en 0.6v, (i bias + i cc ) note 7 0.5 1 a 2 a current thru v bias i l = 0ma 9 15 ma 25 ma i l = 1.5a 32 ma current limit mic49150 1.6 2.3 3.5 a 4 a enable input (note 7) enable input threshold regulator enable 1.6 v (fixed voltage only) regulator shutdown 0.6 v enable pin input current independent of state 0.1 1 a reference reference voltage 0.891 0.9 0.909 v 0.882 0.918 v notes 1. exceeding the absolute maximum rating may damage the device. 2. the device is not guaranteed to function outside its operating rating. 3. devices are esd sensitive. handling precautions recommended. human body model, 1.5k in series with 100pf . 4. speci?cation for packaged product only. 5. for v out 1v, v bias dropout speci?cation does not apply due to a minimum 3v v bias input. 6. i gnd = i bias + (i in C i out ). at high loads, input current on v in will be less than the output current, due to drive current being supplied by v bias . 7. fixed output voltage versions only. absolute maximum ratings (1) supply voltage (v in ) ........................................................ 8v bias supply voltage (v bias ) ............................................ 8v enable input voltage (v en ) ............................................. 8v power dissipation ..................................... internally limited esd rating (3) ............................................................... 2kv operating ratings (2) supply voltage (v in ) ......................................... 1.4v to 6.5v bias supply voltage (v bias ) ................................ 3v to 6.5v enable input voltage (v en ) ................................. 0v to 6.5v junction temperature range .............. C40c t j +125c package thermal resistance msop-8 ( ja ) .................................................................... 80c/w s-pak ( jc ) ........................................................... 2c/w
mic49150 micrel m9999-0 82505- b 4 august 2005 functional diagram v out enable bandgap v bias v in ilimit v in open circuit r1 r2 fixed adj. fixed v en / adj
august 2005 5 m9999-082505-b mic49150 micrel 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0.01 0.1 1 1 0 100 1000 psrr (db) frequency (khz) p o we r s u ppl y r e je c t io n r a ti o (inp ut s u pp l y ) v b i as = 3. 3v v in = 1. 8v v ou t = 1. 0v i ou t = 1. 5a c ou t = 1 f ce ra mi c 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0.01 0.1 1 1 0 100 1000 psrr (db) frequency (khz) p o we r s u ppl y r e je c t io n r a ti o (b ia s s u ppl y ) v b i as = 3. 3v v in = 1. 8v v ou t = 1. 0v i ou t = 1. 5a c ou t = 1 f ce ra mi c 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 dropout voltage (mv) output current (ma) drop ou t v o lt ag e (inp ut s u pp l y ) v b i as = 5v v ou t = 1. 0v 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 dropout voltage (v) output current (ma) drop ou t v o lt ag e (b ia s s u pply ) v in = 2. 5v v ou t = 1. 5v 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 -40 -20 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 100 120 dropout voltage (mv) temperature( c) drop ou t v o lt ag e vs . t emp er at ur e (inp ut s u ppl y) v b i as = 5v i ou t = 1. 5a v ou t = 1. 5v 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 -40 -20 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 100 120 dropout voltage (v) temperature( c) drop ou t v o lt ag e vs . t emp er at ur e (b ia s s u pply ) v in = 2. 5v i ou t = 1. 5a v ou t = 1. 5v 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 output voltage (v) input voltage (v) drop ou t c h ar ac te ri s t ic s (inp ut v o lt ag e) v b i as = 5v v ou t = 1. 5v i ou t = 10 ma i ou t = 1. 5a 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 output voltage (v) bias voltage (v) drop ou t c h ar ac te ri s t ic s (b ia s v o lt ag e) v in = 2. 5v v ou t = 1. 5v i ou t = 10 ma i ou t = 1. 5a 1.495 1.496 1.497 1.498 1.499 1.500 1.501 1.502 1.503 1.504 1.505 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 output voltage (v) output current (ma) l o ad r e gula ti on v b i as = 5v v in = 2. 5v 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 bias current (ma) bias voltage (v) ma xi mum b i as c u rrent vs . b i as v o lt ag e v ad j = 0v i ou t = 1. 5a v in = 2. 5v *n ot e: ma xi mum bi as cu rre nt is bi as cu rre nt wi th in pu t in dr op ou t 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 -40 -20 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 100 120 bias current (ma) temperature( c) ma xi mum b i as c u rrent vs . t emp er at ur e v b i as = 5v v ad j = 0v v in = 2. 5v 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 -40 -20 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 100 120 bias current (ma) temperature ( c) b i as c u rrent vs . t emp er at ur e v in = 2. 5v v ou t = 1. 5v v b i as = 5v i ou t = 10 ma i ou t = 1 500 ma i ou t = 1 00m a i ou t = 7 50m a typical characteristics
mic49150 micrel m9999-0 82505- b 6 august 2005 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 current (ma) output current (ma) b i as c u rrent vs . ou tp ut c u rrent v b i as = 5v v in = 2. 5v v ou t = 1. 5v i b i as 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 ground current (ma) bias voltage (v) g round c u rrent vs . b i as v o lt ag e i ou t = 0m a v in = 2. 5v v ou t = 1. 5v 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 ground current (ma) bias voltage (v) b i as c u rrent vs . b i as v o lt ag e i ou t = 100m a v in = 2. 5v v ou t = 1. 5v i b i as 0 10 20 30 40 50 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 ground current (ma) bias voltage (v) b i as c u rrent vs . b i as v o lt ag e i ou t = 750m a v in = 2. 5v v ou t = 1. 5v i b i as 0 10 20 30 40 50 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 ground current (ma) bias voltage (v) b i as c u rrent vs . b i as v o lt ag e i ou t = 1500m a v in = 2. 5v v ou t = 1. 5v i b i as 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 bias current (ma) input voltage (v) b i as c u rrent vs . in pu t v o lt ag e v b i as = 5v v ou t = 1. 5v i ou t = 100m a i ou t = 0m a 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 bias current (ma) input voltage (v) b i as c u rrent vs . in pu t v o lt ag e v b i as = 5v v ou t = 1. 5v 1500m a 750m a 0.899 0.900 0.901 1.4 2.4 3.4 4.4 5.4 6.4 reference voltage (v) input voltage (v) r e fe renc e v o lt ag e vs . in pu t v o lt ag e v b i as = 5v 0.899 0.900 0.901 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 reference voltage (v) bias voltage (v) r e fe renc e v o lt ag e vs . b i as v o lt ag e v in = 2. 5v 1.45 1.46 1.47 1.48 1.49 1.50 1.51 1.52 1.53 1.54 1.55 -40 -20 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 100 120 output voltage (v) temperature ( c) ou tp ut v o lt ag e vs . t emp er at ur e v b i as = 5v v in = 2. 5v 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 -40 -20 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 100 120 short circuit current (a) temperature ( c) s h ort c i rc ui t c u rrent vs . t emp er at ur e v b i as = 5v v in = 2. 5v v ou t = 0v 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 enable threshold (v) bias voltage (v) e n ab le t h re s h ol d vs . b i as v o lt ag e v in = 2. 5v on of f
august 2005 7 m9999-082505-b mic49150 micrel 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 -40 -20 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 100 120 enable threshold (v) temperature ( c) e n ab le t h re s h ol d vs . t emp er at ur e v b i as = 5v v in = 2. 5v on of f
mic49150 micrel m9999-0 82505- b 8 august 2005 functional characteristics load transient response time (10s/div.) output voltage 50mv/div output current 1a/div v bias = 3.3v v in = 1.8v v out = 1v c out = 1f ceramic bias voltage line transient response time (400s/div.) output voltage 20mv/div bias voltage 2v/div v in = 1.8v v out = 1v c out = 1f ceramic i out = 1.5a v bias = 6.5v v bias = 3.3v input voltage line transient response time (400s/div.) output voltage 20mv/div input voltage 2v/div v bias = 3.3v v out = 1v c out = 1f ceramic i out = 1.5a v in = 6.5v v in = 1.8v
august 2005 9 m9999-082505-b mic49150 micrel applications information the mic49150 is an ultra-high performance, low-dropout linear regulator designed for high current applications requir - ing fast transient response. the mic49150 utilizes two input supplies, signi?cantly reducing dropout voltage, perfect for low-voltage, dc-to-dc conversion. the mic49150 requires a minimum of external components and obtains a bandwidth of up to 10mhz. as a cap regulator, the output is tolerant of virtually any type of capacitor including ceramic type and tantalum type capacitors. the mic49150 regulator is fully protected from damage due to fault conditions, offering linear current limiting and thermal shutdown. bias supply voltage v bias , requiring relatively light current, provides power to the control portion of the mic49150. v bias requires approximately 33ma for a 1.5a load current. dropout conditions require higher currents. most of the biasing current is used to supply the base current to the pass transistor. this allows the pass element to be driven into saturation, reducing the dropout to 300mv at a 1.5a load current. bypassing on the bias pin is recommended to improve performance of the regulator dur - ing line and load transients. small ceramic capacitors from v bias to ground help reduce high frequency noise from being injected into the control circuitry from the bias rail and are good design practice. good bypass techniques typically in - clude one larger capacitor such as a 1f ceramic and smaller valued capacitors such as 0.01f or 0.001f in parallel with that larger capacitor to decouple the bias supply. the v bias input voltage must be 1.6v above the output voltage with a minimum v bias input voltage of 3 volts. input supply voltage v in provides the high current to the collector of the pass transistor. the minimum input voltage is 1.4v, allowing con - version from low voltage supplies. output capacitor the mic49150 requires a minimum of output capacitance to maintain stability. however, proper capacitor selection is important to ensure desired transient response. the mic49150 is speci?cally designed to be stable with virtually any capacitance value and esr. a 1f ceramic chip capaci - tor should satisfy most applications. output capacitance can be increased without bound. see typical characteristic for examples of load transient response. x7r dielectric ceramic capacitors are recommended because of their temperature performance. x7r-type capacitors change capacitance by 15% over their operating temperature range and are the most stable type of ceramic capacitors. z5u and y5v dielectric capacitors change value by as much as 50% and 60% respectively over their operating temperature ranges. to use a ceramic chip capacitor with y5v dielectric, the value must be much higher than an x7r ceramic or a tantalum capacitor to ensure the same capacitance value over the operating temperature range. tantalum capacitors have a very stable dielectric (10% over their operating temperature range) and can also be used with this device. input capacitor an input capacitor of 1f or greater is recommended when the device is more than 4" away from the bulk supply capaci - tance, or when the supply is a battery. small, surface-mount, ceramic chip capacitors can be used for the bypassing. the capacitor should be placed within 1" of the device for optimal performance. larger values will help to improve ripple rejec - tion by bypassing the input to the regulator, further improving the integrity of the output voltage. thermal design linear regulators are simple to use. the most complicated design parameters to consider are thermal characteristics. thermal design requires the following application-speci?c parameters: ? maximum ambient temperature (t a ) ? output current (i out ) ? output voltage (v out ) ? input voltage (v in ) ? ground current (i gnd ) first, calculate the power dissipation of the regulator from these numbers and the device parameters from this datasheet. p d = v in i in + v bias i bias C v out i out the input current will be less than the output current at high output currents as the load increases. the bias current is a sum of base drive and ground current. ground current is constant over load current. then the heat sink thermal resistance is determined with this formula: ? ? ? sa j(max) a d jc cs t t p ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? C C the heat sink may be signi?cantly reduced in applications where the maximum input voltage is known and large com - pared with the dropout voltage. use a series input resistor to drop excessive voltage and distribute the heat between this resistor and the regulator. the low-dropout properties of the mic49150 allow signi?cant reductions in regulator power dissipation and the associated heat sink without com - promising performance. when this technique is employed, a capacitor of at least 1f is needed directly between the input and regulator ground. refer to application note 9 for further details and examples on thermal design and heat sink speci?cation. minimum load current the mic49150, unlike most other high current regulators, does not require a minimum load to maintain output voltage regulation. power msop-8 thermal characteristics one of the secrets of the mic49150s performance is its power msop-8 package featuring half the thermal resistance of a standard msop-8 package. lower thermal resistance means more output current or higher input voltage for a given package size.
mic49150 micrel m9999-0 82505- b 10 august 2005 lower thermal resistance is achieved by joining the four ground leads with the die attach paddle to create a single- piece electrical and thermal conductor. this concept has been used by mosfet manufacturers for years, proving very reliable and cost effective for the user. thermal resistance consists of two main elements, jc (junc - tion-to-case thermal resistance) and ca (case-to-ambient thermal resistance). see figure 1. jc is the resistance from the die to the leads of the package. ca is the resistance from the leads to the ambient air and it includes cs (case- to-sink thermal resistance) and sa (sink-to-ambient thermal resistance). using the power msop-8 reduces the jc dramatically and allows the user to reduce ca . the total thermal resistance, ja (junction-to-ambient thermal resistance) is the limiting factor in calculating the maximum power dissipation capabil - ity of the device. typically, the power msop-8 has a ja of 80c/w, this is signi?cantly lower than the standard msop-8 which is typically 160c/w. ca is reduced because pins 5 through 8 can now be soldered directly to a ground plane which signi?cantly reduces the case-to-sink thermal resistance and sink to ambient thermal resistance. low-dropout linear regulators from micrel are rated to a maximum junction temperature of 125c. it is important not to exceed this maximum junction temperature during operation of the device. to prevent this maximum junction temperature from being exceeded, the appropriate ground plane heat sink must be used. ? ja ? jc ? ca printed circuit board ground plane heat sink area msop-8 ambient figure 1. thermal resistance figure 2 shows copper area versus power dissipation with each trace corresponding to a different temperature rise above ambient. from these curves, the minimum area of copper necessary for the part to operate safely can be determined. the maximum allowable temperature rise must be calculated to determine operation along which curve. ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????????????? ? ? ????????????????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? figure 2. copper area vs. power-msop power dissipation ( ? t ja ) ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????????????? ? ? ????????????????????? ?? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ??? ? ? figure 3. copper area vs. power-msop power dissipation (t a ) t = t j(max) C t a(max) t j(max) = 125c t a(max) = maximum ambient operating temperature for example, the maximum ambient temperature is 50c, the t is determined as follows: t = 125c C 50c t = 75c using figure 2, the minimum amount of required copper can be determined based on the required power dissipation. power dissipation in a linear regulator is calculated as follows: p d = v in i in + v bias i bias C v out i out using a typical application of 750ma output current, 1.2v output voltage, 1.8v input voltage and 3.3v bias voltage, the power dissipation is as follows: p d = (1.8v) (730ma) + 3.3v(30ma) C 1.2v(750ma) at full current, a small percentage of the output current is supplied from the bias supply, therefore the input current is less than the output current. p d = 513mw from figure 2, the minimum current of copper required to op - erate this application at a ? t of 75c is less than 100mm 2 .
august 2005 11 m9999-082505-b mic49150 micrel quick method determine the power dissipation requirements for the design along with the maximum ambient temperature at which the device will be operated. refer to figure 3, which shows safe operating curves for three different ambient temperatures: 25c, 50c and 85c. from these curves, the minimum amount of copper can be determined by knowing the maxi - mum power dissipation required. if the maximum ambient temperature is 50c and the power dissipation is as above, 513mw, the curve in figure 3 shows that the required area of copper is less than 100mm 2 . the ja of this package is ideally 80c/w, but it will vary depending upon the availability of copper ground plane to which it is attached. adjustable regulator design the mic49150 adjustable version allows programming the output voltage anywhere between 0.9vand 5v. two resistors are used. the resistor value between v out and the adjust pin should not exceed 10k ? . larger values can cause instability. the resistor values are calculated by: r1 r2 v out ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 0 9 1 . C where v out is the desired output voltage. enable the ?xed output voltage versions of the mic49150 feature an active high enable input (en) that allows on-off control of the regulator. current drain reduces to zero when the device is shutdown, with only microamperes of leakage current. the en input has ttl/cmos compatible thresholds for simple logic interfacing. en may be directly tied to v in and pulled up to the maximum supply voltage
mic49150 micrel m9999-0 82505- b 12 august 2005 package information 0.008 (0.20) 0.004 (0.10) 0.039 (0.99) 0.035 (0.89) 0.021 (0.53) 0.012 (0.03) r 0.0256 (0.65) typ 0.012 (0.30) r 5 max 0 min 0.122 (3.10) 0.112 (2.84) 0.120 (3.05) 0.116 (2.95) 0.012 (0.3) 0.007 (0.18) 0.005 (0.13) 0.043 (1.09) 0.038 (0.97) 0.036 (0.90) 0.032 (0.81) dimensions: inch (mm) 0.199 (5.05) 0.187 (4.74) 8-lead msop (mm) 5-lead s-pak (r) micrel inc. 2180 fortune drive san jose, ca 95131 usa tel + 1 (408) 944-0800 fax + 1 (408) 474-1000 web http://www.micrel.com this information furnished by micrel in this data sheet is believed to be accurate and reliable. however no responsibility is assumed by micrel for its use. micrel reserves the right to change circuitry and speci?cations at any time without noti?cation to the customer. micrel products are not designed or authorized for use as components in life support appliances, devices or systems where malfunction of a product can reasonably be expected to result in personal injury. life support devices or systems are devices or systems that (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body or (b) support or sustain life, and whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to result in a signi? cant injury to the user. a purchaser's use or sale of micrel products for use in life support appliances, devices or systems is a purchaser's own risk and purchaser agrees to fully indemnify micrel for any damages resulting from such use or sale. ? 2005 micrel incorporated


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